کد مقاله | کد نشریه | سال انتشار | مقاله انگلیسی | نسخه تمام متن |
---|---|---|---|---|
951209 | 1475934 | 2016 | 18 صفحه PDF | دانلود رایگان |
• The gender difference increased from the 1970s to until the 1990s.
• The gender difference declined from the 1990s to recently.
• The gender difference is larger in more developed and liberal countries.
• A 3-stage model (Acceptance, Awareness, and Progress) accounts for these trends.
A meta-analysis of gender differences in self-esteem (1148 studies from 2009 to 2013; total N = 1,170,935) found a small difference, g = 0.11 (95% CI = 0.10–0.13), favoring males. Additionally, (1) the gender difference increased with age until late adolescence, and declined afterwards; (2) Whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans showed the same gender difference whereas African Americans and marginal groups (e.g., immigrants) did not show any difference; (3) the gender difference was larger in more developed countries characterized by values that espouse equality and freedom; and (4) inspection of previous reviews showed that the gender difference emerged after the 1970s, increased until 1995, and declined afterwards. A three-stage model of comparison processes was proposed to account for these results.
Journal: Journal of Research in Personality - Volume 64, October 2016, Pages 34–51