Relationships between perinatal and maternal characteristics and hepatoblastoma: a report from the UKCCS

Within the context of a national population-based case-control study - the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS) - we aimed to explore relationships between perinatal and maternal factors and childhood hepatic tumours, for participants with data available from medical records. 26/28 children with hepatic tumours (22/24 hepatoblastomas, 4/4 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC)) and 4753 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Polyhydramnios was associated with 0.9% of control pregnancies and 13.6% of case pregnancies (Odds Ratio (OR) = 28.64, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 6.94-118.21, P < 0.0001); eclampsia or severe pre-eclampsia complicated the pregnancies of 16.7% of mothers whose children developed hepatoblastoma compared with 0.5% of control pregnancies (OR = 52.50, 95% CI = 10.75-257.05, P < 0.0001). Three children with hepatoblastoma weighed <1500 g at birth, two of whom weighed <1000 g (OR for birthweight <1500 g = 69.00, 95% CI = 11.98-397.17, P < 0.0001). Of children with hepatoblastoma, 50% (11/22) had records of congenital anomalies, as did two of their mothers. Three mothers of children with hepatoblastoma had diagnoses of cancer - two of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and one of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Paediatricians and others should be alert to the possibility of familial or genetic syndromes in children with hepatoblastomas. Potential links between maternal pre-eclampsia, low birthweight and subsequent malignancy merit further investigation. Hepatoblastoma is an extremely rare childhood tumour, but understanding the mechanism(s) underlying severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia may also shed light on factors that contribute to the development of hepatoblastoma.