Application of a two-stage Syrian hamster embryo cell transformation assay to cigarette smoke particulate matter

Following validation with known initiators, benzo(a)pyrene and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and promoters, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and phenobarbitone, the two-stage model was applied to cigarette smoke particulates which was found to act both at the initiation and promotion stage of cell transformation.