En Bloc Exclusion of the Pulmonary Vein Region in the Pig Using Off Pump, Beating, Intra-Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Atrial Fibrillation

We conclude that off-pump, closed heart, beating, intracardiac AF surgery is feasible, reliable and can duplicate the accuracy and precision of the open-heart approach. However, further developments are needed to make this novel approach an alternative to current approaches for catheter ablation.