Endovascular Stent Graft Treatment of a Traumatic Aortocaval Fistula

Aortocaval fistula (ACF) is an infrequently reported sequela of trauma. Most ACF have been repaired via an open approach. During the past 10 years, there has been one reported case of spontaneous ACF and two cases of traumatic ACF repaired using an endovascular technique. We present a third case of traumatic ACF repaired with an endovascular stent graft. A 40-year-old male sustained two gunshot wounds to the right chest and one to the right upper abdomen. He was taken from the emergency department directly to the operating room, where an exploratory laparotomy was performed. Through-and-through injuries to the stomach and transverse colon were repaired primarily. Subsequently, the patient developed abdominal compartment syndrome. An urgent exploratory laparotomy was performed, revealing a non-bleeding hematoma on the posterior lateral surface of the right lobe of the liver, which was left undisturbed. Open abdominal management was instituted with vacuum pack closure. On the nineteenth hospital day, the patient again had a significant decrease in hematocrit. An aortogram was performed in order to evaluate the patient for intrahepatic arterial bleeding amenable to transcatheter embolization. There was no evidence of hepatic arterial bleeding. However, a supraceliac ACF was identified. The patient was taken to the operating room, and an AneuRx aortic extension cuff was advanced under fluoroscopy and deployed to cover the fistula. Completion angiography revealed total obliteration of the ACF and appropriate placement of the stent graft. Postoperatively, the patient was returned to the intensive care unit, where his hospital course was complicated by ventilator-associated pneumonia and sepsis. Repeat computed tomographic scanning 6 months and 1 year following this repair demonstrated patency of the graft without evidence of graft migration or aortocaval communication. Further research and experience are necessary with this technique regarding long-term outcome and technical aspects. In particular, the sizing problems associated with repair of acute traumatic ACF in emergency situations should be addressed. The endovascular approach provides an attractive and exciting alternative to traditional methods for repair of ACF.