Design and economical analysis of hybrid PV–wind systems connected to the grid for the intermittent production of hydrogen

In this paper, several designs of hybrid PV–wind (photovoltaic–wind) systems connected to the electrical grid, including the intermittent production of hydrogen, are shown. The objective considered in the design is economical to maximise the net present value (NPV) of the system.A control strategy has been applied so that hydrogen is only produced by the electrolyser when there is an excess of electrical energy that cannot be exported to the grid (intermittent production of hydrogen).Several optimisation studies based on different scenarios have been carried out. After studying the results – for systems with which the produced hydrogen would be sold for external consumption – it can be stated that the selling price of hydrogen should be about 10 €/kg in areas with strong wind, in order to get economically viable systems.For the hydrogen-producing systems in which hydrogen is produced when there is an excess of electricity and then stored and later used in a fuel cell to produce electricity to be sold to the grid, even in areas with high wind speed rate, the price of electrical energy produced by the fuel cell should be very high for the system to be profitable.