Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Thirst; Sodium appetite; Developmental programing; Renin–angiotensin system; Lifestyle; Epigenetic; NeuroendocrineACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ALD, aldosterone; ANG II, angiotensin II; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; AP, area postrema; AT1, angiot
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Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AEA, anandamide; ACTH, adrenocorticotropin; ACN, acetonitrile; 2-AG, 2-arachidonylglycerol; AP, area postrema; AVP, Arginine vasopressin; CIV, chemotherapy induced vomiting; CNS, central neural system; CRH, corticotropin releasing hormone; DAGL-a, sn-1-se
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 3v, third ventricle; AgRP, agouti-related peptide; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AP, area postrema; ARH, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; cc, central channel; DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine; DMH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; f, fornix; KPBS, 0.
Connections from the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AP, area postrema; Aq, cerebral aqueduct; bic, brachium of the inferior colliculus; BIC, nu brachium inf collic; CC, central canal; CG, central gray; CL, centrolateral th nu; cic, commissure inf colliculus; cp, cerebral peduncle; Cu, cuneate nucleus; cu,
Anatomical and functional connections between the locus coeruleus and the nucleus tractus solitarius in neonatal rats
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; aCSF, artificial cerebral spinal fluid; Amb, ambiguus nucleus; AP, area postrema; Bötz, Bötzinger complex; Cereb, cerebellum; CI, chemosensitivity index; cLC, contralateral LC; cNTS, caudal nucleus tractus solitarius; CVL, caudoventrolateral reticular nuc
Brain GLP-1 and insulin sensitivity
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; GLP-1; Glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1R; Glucose; Brain; Insulin sensitivityARC, arcuate nucleus; AP, area postrema; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1R, GLP-1 receptor; GTT, glucose tolerance test; NS, nucleus of t
Carotid chemoreceptor afferent projections to leptin receptor containing neurons in nucleus of the solitary tract
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; XII, hypoglossal nucleus; ap, area postrema; BDA, biotinylated dextran amine; cc, central canal; Com, commissural subnucleus of the NTS complex; DMV, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; GR, fasciculus gracilis; NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; Ob-R, lep
Calorie restriction attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation in discrete regions of the hypothalamus and the subfornical organ
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Cg, anterior cingulate cortex; ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; AP, area postrema; BLA, basolateralamygdaloid nucleus; BST, bed nucleus of the striaterminalis; Tb, body temperature; BDNF, brain-derived neural growth factor; CA1, CA1 field of the
Plasma leptin inhibits the response of nucleus of the solitary tract neurons to aortic baroreceptor stimulation
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 4V, 4th ventricle; 12M, hypoglossal motor nucleus; ADN, aortic depressor nerve; Amb, nucleus ambiguus; ANOVA, analysis of variance; ap, area postrema; AP, arterial pressure; cc, central canal; Com, commissural nucleus of the NTS complex; cu, cuneate fasci
Central functional response to the novel peptide cannabinoid, hemopressin
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Hemopressin; CB1; BOLD fMRI; Pharmacological-challenge MRI; Appetite; Nociception2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol; AM251, N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide; AP, area postrema; BOLD, blood-oxygen-leve
Systemic administration of leptin potentiates the response of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract to chemoreceptor activation in the rat
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Amb, nucleus ambiguus; ap, area postrema; Com, commissural nucleus of the NTS complex; DMV, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; is-sd break, initial segment-somatodendritic break; KCN, potassium cyanide; NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; PBS, phosphate-b
Preproglucagon (PPG) neurons innervate neurochemicallyidentified autonomic neurons in the mouse brainstem
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 5-HT, serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine; AP, area postrema; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; DAB, diaminobenzidine; DMH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; DMV, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GLP-1, glucagon-like pep
Jaw-opening and -closing premotoneurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract making contacts with laryngeal and pharyngeal afferent terminals in rats
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Amb, nucleus ambiguus; AP, area postrema; BDA, biotinylated dextranamine; CTb, cholera toxin B subunit; Cu, cuneate nucleus; ECu, external cuneate nucleus; FG, Fluorogold; GpN-ct, cervical trunk of the glossopharyngeal nerve; Gr, gracile nucleus; im, inte
Projections from the insular cortex to pain-receptive trigeminal caudal subnucleus (medullary dorsal horn) and other lower brainstem areas in rats
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 7N, facial nerve; ABC, avidin–biotin-peroxidase complex; AI, agranular insular cortex; Am, ambiguus nucleus; AP, area postrema; BDA, biotinylated dextranamine; Cl, claustrum; cont, contralateral; cp, cerebral peduncle; Cu, cuneate nucleus; DI, dysgranular
Inhibitory effect of activation of GABAA receptor in the central nucleus of amygdala on the sodium intake in the sodium-depleted rat
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AP, area postrema; CeA, central nucleus of amygdala; cNTS, the caudal NTS; dl-PBN, dorsal lateral subnucleus of PBN; el-PBN, external lateral subnucleus of PBN; FLI, Fos-like immunoreactive; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; iNTS, intermediate NTS; LPBN, lat
Nuclear organization of the serotonergic system in the brain of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris)
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 3N, oculomotor nerve nucleus; 4N, trochlear nerve nucleus; 4V, 4th ventricle; 7N, facial nerve nucleus; 10N, vagal nerve nucleus; 12N, hypoglossal nerve nucleus; AP, area postrema; Aq, cerebral aqueduct; cp, cerebral peduncle; Cu, cuneatus nucleus; DTg, d
Collateral damage and compensatory changes after injection of a toxin targeting neurons with the neurokinin-1 receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rat
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AMPA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; AP, area postrema; DMV, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; GluR2, AMPA receptor subunit 2; GABAb, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type b; Gr, gracilus nucleus neuronal nitric oxide synthase; NK1
Glucose-responsive neurons in the subfornical organ of the rat—a novel site for direct CNS monitoring of circulating glucose
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; blood-brain barrier; circumventricular organ; electrophysiology; glucose-sensitive neuronsaCSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid; AP, area postrema; ARC, arcuate; CVO, circumventricular organs; GE, glucose-excited neurons; GI, glucose-inhibited neurons; NSC
Immunohistochemical determination of the site of hypotensive effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in the rat brain
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; A5, A5 catecholamine cell group; AP, area postrema; CNS, central nervous system; CVLM, caudal ventrolateral medulla; DAB, diaminobenzidine; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; Fos, c-fos protein; Fos-IR, Fos-immunoreactivity; GAD, glutamic acid decarbo
Moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus reduces renal and hormonal responses to cell dehydration
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; osmoreceptor; sodium; oxytocin; natriuresis; cell dehydration; thirstANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; AP, area postrema; AVP, arginine-vasopressin; CAP, captopril; CRF, corticotrophin releasing factor; DOI, 2.5-dimetoxi-4-iodoamphetamine hydrobromide; EDT
The role of the gut/brain axis in modulating food intake
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Peptide YY (PYY); Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1); Oxyntomodulin; Cholecystokinin; Ghrelin; ObesityAgRP, agouti related peptide; ARC, arcuate nucleus; a-MSH, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone; AP, area postrema; CART, cocaine and amphetamine regulated
CNS regulation of appetite
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Appetite; Food intake; Peripheral; Central; Hunger; SatietyAGRP, Agouti-related peptide; AMP, Adenosine monophosphate; AMPK, Adenosine monophosphate kinase; AP, Area postrema; ARC, Arcuate nucleus; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; CART, Cocaine and amphetamin
Effects of the calcium-regulating glycoprotein hormone stanniocalcin-1 within the nucleus of the solitary tract on arterial pressure and the baroreceptor reflex
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; stanniocalcin-1 receptors; stanniocalcin-1 immunohistochemistry; stanniocalcin-1 protein and gene expression; cardiovascular responses; heart rate; baroreflexADN, aortic depressor nerve; ap, area postrema; AP, arterial pressure; cc, central canal; com, co
Pathophysiological function of oxytocin secreted by neuropeptides: A mini review
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AM, adrenomedullin; α-MSH, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone; AP, area postrema; AVP, arginine vasopressin; AVPV, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus; BNST, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript;
Somatotopic direct projections from orofacial areas of primary somatosensory cortex to pons and medulla, especially to trigeminal sensory nuclear complex, in rats
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; SI; topography; somatotopy; feedback; corticofugalAgl, lateral part of the agranular cortex; AP, area postrema; Au, auditory cortex; BDA, biotinylated dextranamine; c-inf.orb-S1, caudal part of inf.orb-S1; Cu, cuneate nucleus; ECu, external cuneate nucleu
Distribution of angiotensin type 1a receptor-containing cells in the brains of bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ABC, avidin–biotin complex; aCSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ad, adenovirus; AngII, angiotensin II; AP, area postrema; AT1aR, angiotensin type 1a receptor; AT1R, angiotensin type 1 receptor; AVP, arginine vasopressin; BAC, bacterial artificial chromo
A comparative analysis of intraperitoneal versus intracerebroventricular administration of bromodeoxyuridine for the study of cell proliferation in the adult rat brain
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AP, area postrema; BBB, blood–brain barrier; BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine; CNS, central nervous system; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CVO, circumventricular organ; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; ip, intraperitoneal; icv, intracerebroventricular; ME,
Molecular mapping of mouse brain regions innervated by leptin receptor-expressing cells
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Leptin; Cre recombinase; Enhanced green fluorescent protein; AxonAVPe, anteroventral periventricular nucleus; Ac, anterior commissure; Aq, aqueduct; AP, area postrema; ARC, arcuate nucleus; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA, central nucleus o
The role of the brain renin–angiotensin system in hypertension: Implications for new treatment
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ACE, angiotensin I-converting enzyme; ACE-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2; angiotensin I-converting enzyme AGT, angiotensinogen; AP, area postrema; APA, aminopeptidase A; APit, anterior pituitary; APN, aminopeptidase N; Ang, angiotensin; AT1, angi
The serotonergic system in fish
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; Aadc, l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; Aanat, arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (or 5-HT N-acetyltransferase); AP, area postrema; Cer, cerebellum; CIL, central nucleus of the inferior lobe; CNS, central nervous system; CSF,
Differential activation of medullary vagal nuclei caused by stimulation of different esophageal mechanoreceptors
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AP, area postrema; CC, central canal; CP, cricopharyngeus; CT, cricothyroideus; DMN, dorsomedial nucleus; DMNc, caudal DMN; DMNr, rostral DMN; EMG, electromyography; ELRR, esophago-LES relaxation response; EUCR, esophago-UES c
Glucosensing and glucose homeostasis: From fish to mammals
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose; AgRP, agouti related peptide; AMPK, AMP-activated kinase; ANLS, astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle; AP, area postrema; Arc, arcuatus hypothalamic nucleus; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CART, cocaine–amphetamine-related transcri
Forebrain regions affected by lateral parabrachial nucleus serotonergic mechanisms that influence sodium appetite
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AP, area postrema; BST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeAm, central nucleus of the amygdala; MnPO, median preoptic nucleus; PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; OVLT, organum vasculosum of the lamina
Distribution of neuropeptide W in the rat brain
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ac, Aterior commissure; aca, Aterior commissure, anterior part; acp, Aterior commissure, posterior part acp; AP, Area postrema; Aq, Aqueduct; Arc, Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus; ArcL, Arcuate nucleus, lateral part ArcL; BSTLP, Bed nucleus of the stria term
The role of gut hormones in the regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AgRP, agouti related peptide; AP, area postrema; ARC, arcuate nucleus; CNS, central nervous system; DIO, diet-induced obese; DPPIV, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV; DVC, dorsal vagal complex; GHS-R1a, growth hormone secretagogue receptor; GI, gastrointestinal; GL
Lateral parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala in the control of sodium intake
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; sodium appetite; parabrachial nucleus; amygdala; thirst; angiotensin II; serotoninAng II, angiotensin II; AP, area postrema; AV3V, anteroventral third ventricle region; b.w., body weight; CAP, captopril; CeA, central nucleus of amygdala; DOCA, deoxycortic
c-Fos induction by a 14 T magnetic field in visceral and vestibular relays of the female rat brainstem is modulated by estradiol
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AP, area postrema; BSA, bovine serum albumin; cc, central canal; CTA, conditioned taste aversion; ER, estrogen receptor; IV, fourth ventricle; LC, locus coeruleus; lPBN, lateral parabrachial nucleus; MeV, medial vestibular nuc
Differential activation of pontomedullary nuclei by acid perfusion of different regions of the esophagus
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AP, area postrema; CP, cricopharyngeus; CT, cricothyroideus; DMN, dorsomedial nucleus; DMNc, caudal DMN; DMNr, rostral DMN; EMG, electromyography; ESOc, cervical esophagus; ESOt, thoracic esophagus; ESOw, whole esophagus; GH,
Co-localization of TRHR1 and LepRb receptors on neurons in the hindbrain of the rat
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 4V, fourth ventricle; 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin; AP, area postrema; BAT, brown adipose tissue; cc, central canal; DMN, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; GAD67, glutamine deaminase; HIER, heat-induced epitope retri
Organisation of the catecholaminergic system in the vagal motor nuclei of pigs: A retrograde fluorogold tract tracing study combined with immunohistochemistry of catecholaminergic synthesizing enzymes
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 4V, fourth ventricle; Amb, nucleus ambiguus; AP, area postrema; CC, central canal; DβH, dopamine β-hydroxylase; DH, dorsal horn; DMX, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve; FG, fluorogold; Gr, gracile nucleus; In, intercalated nuclei of the medulla; LRN
Fos expression and hormone changes following electrical stimulation of the posterodorsal amygdala and the effects on food intake in conscious female rats
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; AP, area postrema; Arc, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; BBB, blood-brain barrier; BLA, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus; BSTIA, intra-amygdaloid bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; cc, central canal; CeA, central amy
Serotonergic projections from the caudal raphe nuclei to the hypoglossal nucleus in male and female rats
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; A2, A2 noradrenergic cell group; Amb, nucleus ambiguus; AP, area postrema; CC, central canal; DMSp5, dorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus; GiA, gigantocellular reticular nucleus pars alpha; GiV, gigantocellular reticular nucleus pars ventralis; IO, infer
Depolarization-induced release of endocannabinoids by murine dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve neurons differentially regulates inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; Dorsal vagal complex; Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve; Endocannabinoid; GABAergic transmission; Glutamatergic transmission; DSI; DSEaCSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid; AP, area postrema; APV, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate; BAPTA, 1,2-bis(2-amino
Adrenergic mechanisms of the Kölliker-Fuse/A7 area on the control of water and sodium intake
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; noradrenaline; α2-adrenoceptor; parabrachial nucleus; sodium appetite; serotoninANG II, angiotensin II; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AP, area postrema; CAP, captopril; DOI, 2,5-dimetoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrobromide; FURO, furosemide; HR, heart rate; KF/
Development of the area postrema: An immunohistochemical study in the macaque
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 12, hypoglossal nucleus; ABC, Avidin and Biotinylated horseradish peroxidase [HRP] Complex; AP, area postrema; BV, blood vessel; CA, catecholaminergic (catecholamine, i.e., noradrenalin or dopamine, containing); CD31, cluster of differentiation molecule #
Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive structures in human midbrain, pons, and medulla
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 12, hypoglossal nucleus; 3V, third ventricle; 4, trochlear nucleus; 4V, fourth ventricle; AP, area postrema; Arc, arcuate nucleus of the medulla; B9, B9 5-HT cell group; CGPn, pontine central gray; CLi, caudal linear raphe nucleus; cp, cerebral peduncle;
Oestrogen receptors in the central nervous system and evidence for their role in the control of cardiovascular function
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; AP, area postrema; AT1, angiotensin-1 (receptor); BP, blood pressure; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; BST, bed nucleus of stria terminalis; CeA, central nucleus of the amygdala; CNS, central nervous system; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; CTb, cholera t
Distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon of the pigeon (Columba livia)
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; A8, dopaminergic cell group; Anl, nucleus annularis; AP, area postrema; DMA, nucleus dorsomedialis anterior thalami; ep, ependymal; flm, fasciculus longitudinalis medialis; INF, nucleus infundibularis; lDp, lateralis dorsalis pars posterioris (NTS subnucl
Prostaglandins and sickness behavior: Old story, new insights
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy Δ12, 14 prostaglandin J2; AA, arachidonic acid; AP, area postrema; Arc, arcuate nucleus; BBB, blood–brain barrier; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; CeA, central nucleus of the amygdala; CNS
Effects of ghrelin on glucose-sensing and gastric distension sensitive neurons in rat dorsal vagal complex
Keywords: AP-طبقه آخر; ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; AP, area postrema; DVC, dorsal vagal complex; GHS-R, growth hormone secretagogue receptor; NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; NPY, Neuropeptide Y; AgRP, agouti-related peptide; PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the