
Keywords: پیشاپیش; Opioids; Analgesia; Adverse effects; Mechanisms; Constipation; Nausea; Vomiting; Respiratory depression; 5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine; 7TMRs; 7-transmembrane spanning G-protein coupled receptors; AC; adenylyl cyclase; β-arr1; β-arrestin1; β-arr2; β-arres