Dissemination and diversity of metallo-β-lactamases in Latin America: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program

Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. is becoming a critical therapeutic problem worldwide. The SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program monitors pathogen frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial and community-acquired infections through sentinel hospitals on five continents. Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. strains resistant to imipenem (MIC, ≥16 mg/l), meropenem (MIC, ≥16 mg/l), and ceftazidime (MIC, ≥32 mg/l) collected from January 2001 to December 2003 were routinely screened for antimicrobial resistance genes. Resistant isolates were initially tested for metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) production by phenotypic tests (disk approximation or MβL Etest strip) and then characterization of the MβL (hydrolysis assays, PCR for blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM, gene sequencing). Eighty-nine isolates (33 Acinetobacter spp., 54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 2 P. fluorescens) had positive phenotypic screening tests. Among those, 34 isolates producing MβL were identified, including 7 Acinetobacter spp., 25 P. aeruginosa and 2 P. fluorescens. The MβLs identified were IMP-1, VIM-2 and two newly described enzymes: SPM-1 and IMP-16. The greatest concentration of MβL strains was in Brazil, where imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa increased significantly in the time period evaluated by the SENTRY Program. MβL-producing P. aeruginosa was detected in São Paulo (SPM-1) and Brasilia (SPM-1 and IMP-16), Brazil and Caracas, Venezuela (VIM-2); while MβL-producing Acinetobacter spp. isolates were detected in São Paulo, Brazil (IMP-1). P. fluorescens isolates producing IMP-1 and VIM-2 were detected in São Paulo, Brazil and Santiago, Chile, respectively. The emergence and dissemination of mobile MβL-producing isolates represent an alarming factor for increasing resistance to carbapenems in several medical centres evaluated by the SENTRY Program in Latin America.