Leader–member exchange, enriched jobs, and goal-setting: Applying fuzzy set methodology

This study takes a configurational approach to investigate multiple combinations of motivational and leadership factors that provide alternative paths for achieving positive behavioral and attitudinal outcomes among employees. Using a field study of 209 leader–follower dyads from 12 different organizations, the results demonstrate that leadership and motivational constructs combine in multiple bundles to achieve high levels of employee performance, commitment, and citizenship behaviors. These results demonstrate the usefulness of configurational approaches in helping understand equifinality in the field of organizational behavior.