Percutaneously absorbed NSAIDs attenuate local production of proinflammatory cytokines and suppress the expression of c-Fos in the spinal cord of a rodent model of knee osteoarthritis

Suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and c-Fos expression by clinically used NSAIDs suggests that their percutaneous administration may have an analgesic effect for treating chronic pain at a molecular level.