Quantifying Soft Tissue Changes in Cleft Lip and Palate Using Nonionizing Three-Dimensional Imaging: A Systematic Review

Soft tissue changes subsequent to a surgical or an orthopedic intervention can be quantified on 3D surface images using assessment methods that are primarily based on landmark identification, whether or not followed by superimposition. Operator bias is inherently enclosed in landmark-dependent analyses. The reliability of these methods has been insufficiently reported.