Enhancing gluconic acid production by controlling the morphology of Aspergillus niger in submerged fermentation

- First-time studied the effect of A. niger morphology on gluconic acid (GA) production.
- Dispersed mycelia was proposed for GA production by online visualization methods.
- Oxygen transfer between the media and mycelia was improved by using dispersed mycelia.
- The average GA production rate had 1.7-fold increase in dispersed fermentation.
- The yield of GA fermentation with dispersed seed is 3.1% higher than the best reported data.