On the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics

Despite the fact that research on the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics is a subset of the literature on instructed second language acquisition, pragmatics as a learning target does not figure prominently in most surveys of this area. This is due partly to the fact that instructional effects research in second language acquisition has only recently come into its own and still has a long way to go [Norris, J., Ortega, L., 2000. Effectiveness of L2 instruction: a research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis. Language Learning 50, 417-528], but also is the result of a relative neglect of pragmatics in second language acquisition in general. Nevertheless, arguments have been put forward for the necessity of instruction in pragmatics [Bardovi-Harlig, K., 2001. Evaluating the empirical evidence: grounds for instruction in pragmatics? In: Rose, K.R., Kasper, G. (Eds.), Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 13-32], and there is now a growing body of research which addresses this issue [Kasper, G., Rose, K.R., 2002. Pragmatic development in a second language. Blackwell, Mahwah, NJ. (Also Language Learning: Supplement 1, 52)]. This paper will review the literature on the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics by first considering the learning targets, learner characteristics and learning contexts represented in the studies done to date. Following this, are three central issues which occupy much of the literature: the teachability of pragmatics, the relative benefits of instruction versus exposure, and whether different approaches to instruction yield different results.