Atrioventricular nodal function during atrial fibrillation: Model building and robust estimation

► We proposed an advancement of the atrioventricular node model in atrial fibrillation. ► A non-invasive robust estimation of the slow refractory period is obtained. ► Atrioventricular node characteristics can be assessed noninvasively. ► The model parameters can quantify changes induced by autonomic stimulation.