Advanced treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by nanofiltration process: Effects of operating conditions on membrane fouling

▶ Lower membrane fouling was observed at pH 10 compared to pH 4 and pH 7. ▶ At higher temperature (45 °C) the membrane fouling was more severe. ▶ Flux decline decreased with decreasing of transmembrane pressure. ▶ Minimum membrane fouling was observed at highest VRF value (4). ▶ The composite permeate quality is sufficient for use as actual process water.