Reliability of lower limb electromyography during overground walking: A comparison of maximal- and sub-maximal normalisation techniques

Timing and amplitude EMG parameters for all muscles displayed low to moderate coefficient of variation within each test session (range: 7-25%). Overall, between-participant variability was minimised with sub-maximal normalisation values. These results demonstrate that re-application of electrodes results in large random error between sessions, particularly with tibialis posterior and peroneus longus. Researchers planning studies of these muscles with a repeated-test design (e.g. to evaluate the effect of an intervention) must consider whether this level of error is acceptable.