Comparison of complement activation-related pseudoallergy in miniature and domestic pigs: foundation of a validatable immune toxicity model

Complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) is an acute adverse immune reaction caused by many nanomedicines. Miniature pigs provide an animal model that combines highly sensitive detection of CARPA reactions with an established track record in regulatory toxicology testing. Further development and understanding of the CARPA miniature pig model will hopefully contribute to increasing the safety, and, hence, human use of nanomedicines with immune reactivity.163