Psychoneuroimmunology in pregnancy: Immune pathways linking stress with maternal health, adverse birth outcomes, and fetal development

► Maternal immune dysregulation has important implications formaternal health, birth outcomes, and fetal development. ► It is known that stress promotes immune dysregulation in nonpregnant humans and animals. ► Emerging data demonstrate that stress affects maternal immune parameters during pregnancy. ► PNI models may elucidate biological pathways linking stress and health in pregnancy.