Strategic retrieval and retrieval orientation in reality monitoring studied by event-related potentials (ERPs)

► We examined control processes in reality monitoring by event-related potentials. ► ERPs to new items varied with target definition, indicating retrieval orientation. ► Retrieval orientation also affected the early midfrontal old/new effect. ► Nontarget retrieval was observed only for better remembered items. ► Incidental recollection possibly promotes nontarget retrieval.