Many roads lead to recognition: Electrophysiological correlates of familiarity derived from short-term masked repetition priming

► We investigated masked repetition priming and familiarity for words. ► Familiarity was facilitated by fluency increases due to masked repetition priming. ► ERP correlates of repetition-induced fluency correlated with rated familiarity. ► Neural correlates of familiarity can reflect specific precursors of familiarity. ► Familiarity memory is determined by multiple neurocognitive mechanisms.