Incorporating topography in a cellular automata model to simulate residents evacuation in a mountain area in China

► A CA-based model is proposed to simulate the resident evacuation in complex terrain. ► The slope gradient, weight and leg extensor power are considered. ► The continuous speed and discrete space are united in the simulation model. ► It demonstrates population behaviors of congestion, queuing and collision avoidance. ► It realizes 3D visualization of the evacuation process and predicts the evacuation time.