Carrots and sticks vs carrots: Comparing approaches to workplace travel plans using disincentives for driving and incentives for active travel

The present study is unique in being able to compare two travel plans using reasonably well matched sites. A workplace travel plan including parking management strategies to complement strategies to encourage active and sustainable forms of travel to work, may be more effective than a travel plan that includes encouragement strategies alone. Evaluations of travel plans with robust study designs such as controlled before-after studies and cluster-randomised controlled trials (cluster-RCTs) are needed to provide stronger evidence, and pragmatic approaches to implementing controlled trials will need to be considered. Studies exploring the acceptability of parking management strategies are also needed.