In vitro bioactivity evaluation of nano- and micro-crystalline anodic TiO2: HA formation, cellular affinity and organ culture

► Anodization is an easily viable technique useful for producing TiO2 coatings on Ti substrates. ► The anodized TiO2 surface shows the micro- or nano-structure. ► We investigated in vitro bioactivity including mouse-tissue morphogenesis.