Evolution of grain and subgrain structure during cold rolling of commercial-purity titanium

► EBSD analysis of cold-rolled titanium revealed three stages of structure evolution. ► These stages are defined by plots of the boundaries density as a function of strain. ► The first stage is associated with twinning. ► Dislocation density increases and substructure forms at the second stage. ► The third stage is related to the formation of high-angle boundaries.