Kinematic positioning of LEO and GPS satellites and IGS stations on the ground

For the first time, we publish results with the kinematic positioning of the GPS satellites and make comparisons with the kinematic positioning of LEO satellites and IGS stations on the ground. We show that LEO point-positioning is possible by means of GPS satellite clocks estimated solely based on phase GPS measurements. In sequel, we introduce a fourth approach in precise orbit determination, which we call reduced-kinematic POD, where kinematic position differences in time are constrained to corresponding differences in a priori dynamic orbit.