Quantitative cerebrovascular 4D flow MRI at rest and during hypercapnia challenge

4D flow MRI methods are sensitive enough to detect non-uniform changes in CBF and cross-sectional area to a mild yet clinically relevant CO2 stimulus. 4D flow MRI is a non-invasive reliable tool providing high spatio-temporal resolution in clinically feasible scan times without contrast agent. This approach can be used to interrogate regional cerebrovascular control in health and disease.