The acutely ill child or neonate

This article covers four major topics in paediatrics. Knowledge of their management is important for any Foundation Doctor working within the paediatric department. The febrile child is a common referral to any paediatric unit. Most febrile children are suffering from simple viral illnesses, but occasionally a fever is a sign of a life-threatening illness, such as meningitis. If meningitis is suspected, it is vital to carry out appropriate investigations before treatment is started. There are multiple causes of meningitis, so accurate interpretation of investigations is important in order to manage children appropriately.Diabetes is a complex multi-systemic condition, which has an increasing incidence. There are many pitfalls in its management, both on first presentation and in long-term care. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) continues to have a significant mortality if not recognised early and treated appropriately.Neonatology is a vast subject that can only be touched upon in this article. Junior doctors working within paediatrics are often the first port of call for problems on postnatal wards, and therefore need to have a basic understanding of common neonatal problems to initiate management.