Rethinking nursing care: An ethnographic approach to nurse–patient interaction in the context of a HIV prevention programme in rural Tanzania

BackgroundWhile care has been described as the essence of nursing, it is generally agreed that care is a complex phenomenon that remains elusive. Literature reviews highlight the centrality of nurse–patient interactions in shaping care. In sub-Saharan Africa, where there is a critical shortage of health workers, nurses remain the core of the health workforce, but the quality of the patient care they provide has been questioned.ObjectiveThe study explored how care is shaped, expressed and experienced in nurses’ everyday communication among HIV positive women in Tanzania.Study contextData were collected through a prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme with a comprehensive community component conducted by a church-run hospital in rural Tanzania. The population is largely agro-pastoral, the formal educational level is low and poverty is rampant.MethodsAn ethnographic approach was employed. Nurses and women enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme were followed closely over a period of nine months in order to explore their encounters and interactions.Findings and discussionThe way care is shaped, expressed and experienced is not globally uniform, and the expectations of what quality care involves differ between settings. In this study the expectations of nurses’ instructions and authority, combined with nurses’ personal engagement were experienced as caring interactions. The findings from this study demonstrate that the quality of nursing care needs to be explored within the specific historical, socio-cultural context in which it is practised.