Matrix biology meets toxinology

Venoms are cocktails containing pharmacologically active compounds, which drastically affect essential functions of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular system, as well as of blood, kidney and other organs. As the extracellular matrix and its contacts with cells are responsible for maintaining the integrity and functionality of these organs and tissues, it is not surprising that several venom components target matrix molecules and their respective cellular receptors. Many venom components, such as matrix-degrading enzymes, disintegrins, and C-type lectin-like proteins, have been identified and have laid the foundation for the frontier research field of matrix toxinology. Interestingly, many toxins consist of domains which are structurally homologous to modules and domains of matrix proteins, their proteinases and cellular receptors. In addition to finding new agents and tools, which specifically interact with matrix molecules and their receptors, the characterization of known matrix-targeting toxins will provide insights into their molecular modes of action and thus may lead to potential new therapeutic strategies for treating matrix-related diseases, such as blood clotting and thrombocyte-mediated disorders, but also tumor malignancies.