Organisation of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) embryonic brain: Insights from LIM-homeodomain, Pax and hedgehog genes

To investigate the embryonic development of the central nervous system of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, we have isolated and analysed the expression patterns of members of the LIM-homeodomain, Pax, Hedgehog and Nkx2.1 families. Using degenerate RT-PCR, single representatives of Lhx1/Lhx5, Lhx2/Lhx9, Pax3/Pax7 and Hedgehog families could be isolated in L. fluviatilis. Expression analysis revealed that the lamprey forebrain presents a clear neuromeric pattern. We describe the existence of 4 embryonic diencephalic prosomeres whose boundaries can be identified by the combined and relative expressions of LfPax37, LfLhx15 and LfLhx29. This suggests that the embryonic lamprey and gnathostome forebrain are patterned in a highly similar manner. Moreover, analysis of the LfHh gene, which is expressed in the hypothalamus, zona limitans intrathalamica and floor plate, reveals the possible molecular origin of this neuromeric brain pattern. By contrast, LfHh and LfNkx2.1 expressions suggest major differences in patterning mechanisms of the ventral telencephalon when compared to gnathostomes. In summary, our findings highlight a neuromeric organisation of the embryonic agnathan forebrain and point to the possible origin of this organisation, which is thus a truly vertebrate character. They also suggest that Hh/Shh midline signalling might act as a driving force for forebrain evolution.