Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction

► Ischemia activates the TLR-4-MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways in both ischemic and remote myocardium. ► Ischemia up-regulates TGF-β that gradually raises fibroblast detection and collagen fibrils. ► Reperfusion triggers apoptosis which progresses up to 6 days mainly in infiltrated macrophages. ► Reperfusion activates the Akt/mTOR/P70s6K mRNA translation and hypertrophy pathway