A social network perspective on measurements of dominance hierarchies

► Frequency of transitive triads is a key measure of structure in dominance hierarchies. ► We compare a network-based measure of triangle transitivity and measures of linearity. ► Linearity underestimates transitivity due to imputation procedure for null dyads. ► Null dyads are not random, and they are important components of dominance structure. ► Network approach is a powerful method for studying dominance hierarchies.