African ungulates and their drinking problems: hunting and predation risks constrain access to water

► Trophy hunting compels African ungulates to shift their visits at waterholes from day hours towards night hours. ► The magnitude of this shift is constrained by the predation risk imposed by large nocturnal carnivores. ► The potential fitness costs associated with such temporal shifts may be high. ► Managers of hunting areas may have to consider waterhole areas as 'sanctuary' zones where hunting should be limited.