Ancient restorations at Hierapolis of Phrygia (Denizli, Turkey): Interdisciplinary research on materials and technologies

The mortars sampled in Hierapolis showed the presence of casein, animal glue, beeswax and Pinaceae resin, in agreement with the survived ancient recipes on bonding mortars. However, the archaeometric data revealed the use of complex mixtures, which are also attested by the literary sources. In particular, the use of calcite together with various organic additives appeared to be a common practice. Criteria of selection and use of the different mixtures have been discussed.