Novel travel cost functions based on morning peak commuting equilibrium

This paper derives two novel travel cost functions by formulating a morning commuting equilibrium model that incorporates traffic congestion based on fundamental traffic flow diagram. The travel cost functions have components to represent traversal cost, waiting queuing costs and early arrival penalty. It is found that the equilibrium travel cost is a concave function of the total demand in the uncongested regime but an increasing linear function of the total demand in the congested regime.