Critical evaluation of a handheld Raman spectrometer with near infrared (785 nm) excitation for field identification of minerals

Handheld Raman spectrometers (Ahura First Defender XL, Inspector Raman DeltaNu) permit the recording of acceptable and good quality spectra of a large majority of minerals outdoors and on outcrops. Raman spectra of minerals in the current study were obtained using instruments equipped with 785 nm diode lasers. Repetitive measurements carried out under an identical instrumental setup confirmed the reliability of the tested Raman spectrometers. Raman bands are found at correct wavenumber positions within ±3 cm−1 compared to reference values in the literature. Taking into account several limitations such as the spatial resolution and problems with metallic and black and green minerals handheld Raman spectrometers equipped with 785 nm diode lasers can be applied successfully for the detection of minerals from the majority of classes of the mineralogical system. For the detection of biomarkers and biomolecules using Raman spectroscopy, e.g. for exobiological applications, the near infrared excitation can be considered as a preferred excitation. Areas of potential applications of the actual instruments include all kind of common geoscience work outdoors. Modified Raman systems can be proposed for studies of superficial or subsurface targets for Mars or Lunar investigations.