Vibrational analysis of n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl nitrite

Raman and infrared spectra of n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl nitrite are reported. Density functional theory and Møeller–Plesset calculations with 6-31G* and 6-311G* basis sets were used to determine ground state molecular geometries and vibrational frequencies of these compounds. Calculations and spectral data of these molecules were used to perform partial vibrational mode assignments for the observed transitions. In agreement with previous investigations of alkyl nitrites, cis and trans rotational conformers of n-butyl, isobutyl and sec-butyl nitrite were observed in the gas phase infrared spectra and the condensed phase Raman and infrared spectra. Among the several predicted geometries of these compounds, the cis–trans geometry (cis with respect to the C–O–NO dihedral angle and trans with respect to the C–C–O–N dihedral) was calculated to be the most stable conformer of n-butyl and isobutyl nitrite, while the cis–gauche conformer was found to be the most stable geometry of sec-butyl nitrite. The cis-type structures of these three molecules are favored due to formation of a pseudo hydrogen bond between the nitrite group and the α-carbon hydrogen atoms. Hindrance with the alkyl moiety, however, causes the trans conformer (trans with respect to the C–O–NO dihedral) of tert-butyl nitrite to lie lower than its cis conformer, a result that was supported by our spectroscopic measurements. The characteristic NO stretch frequency for the trans conformers of all the compounds examined was observed to decrease with increasing branching at the α-carbon, while the same mode for the cis conformers shows no change among the primary and secondary nitrites. Evidence is also provided that suggests that the relative number of cis conformers to trans conformers decreases as the α-carbon branching increases