X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses for intercalative nanohybrids with low crystallinity

Intercalation reactions can be achieved through ion-exchange, pillaring, and exfoliation–reassembling reactions to explore new intercalation compounds with desired electronic, electrochemical, and optical functions. Such intercalative nanohybrids with lamellar or porous structure have received much attention due to their potential applications such as catalysts, electrodes, selective adsorbents, stabilizing agents, and even drug delivery systems. In this review, we briefly introduce and highlight X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies on the intercalative nanohybrids to understand their intracrystalline and electronic structures along with physicochemical functions.