3.0 V-class film-type lithium primary battery with highly improved energy density

Lithium metal is used as an anode material in a 3.0 V-class film-type MnO2||Li primary battery to increase the operating voltage and discharge capacity for application to active sensor tags of a radio-frequency identification system. A 20-μm thick lithium layer deposited homogeneously on a copper foil is prepared for the purpose of controlling the efficient utilization and lithium handling. A plasticized gel polymer electrolyte filled with SiO2 particles is also used to enhance the electrochemical stability and safety of the battery. A lithium primary battery with a lithium anode and a nonaqueous electrolyte is fabricated for the first time in the form of a film with a newly designed Nylon 6/Al/polypropylene pouch for perfect shielding. The fabricated 3.0 V-class film-type lithium primary battery passes several safety tests and achieves a discharge capacity and an energy density of more than 9 mAh cm−2 and 470 Wh L−1, respectively.