Highly ordered and ultra-long carbon nanotube arrays as air cathodes for high-energy-efficiency Li-oxygen batteries

• Highly ordered and ultra-long CNTs on permeable Ta foil were synthesized.
• The energy efficiency of Li–O2 cells reached 82% with LiI catalyst.
• Their cycling performance superseded other two less ordered CNTs.
• Ordered structure benefited the transportation of Li+ ions, gas and electrons.

Carbonaceous air cathodes with rational architecture are vital for the nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries to achieve large energy density, high energy efficiency and long cycle life. In this work, we report the cathodes made of highly ordered and vertically aligned carbon nanotubes grown on permeable Ta foil substrates (VACNTs-Ta) via thermal chemical vapour deposition. The VACNTs-Ta, composed of uniform carbon nanotubes with approximately 240 μm in superficial height, has the super large surface area. Meanwhile, the oriented carbon nanotubes provide extremely outstanding passageways for Li ions and oxygen species. Electrochemistry tests of VACNTs-Ta air cathodes show enhancement in discharge capacity and cycle life compared to those made from short-range oriented and disordered carbon nanotubes. By further combining with the LiI redox mediator that is dissolved in the tetraethylene dimethyl glycol based electrolytes, the batteries exhibit more than 200 cycles at the current density of 200 mA g−1 with a cut-off discharge capacity of 1000 mAh g−1, and their energy efficiencies increase from 50% to 82%. The results here demonstrate the importance of cathode construction for high-energy-efficiency and long-life Li–O2 batteries.

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