Development of high energy density small flat spiral cells and battery pack based on lithium/carbon monofluoride (Li/CFx)

Small spiral-wound lithium–carbon monofluoride (Li/CFx) cells, which were discharged at the C/40 rate, had a nominal capacity of 300 mAh and a gravimetric energy density of about 464 Wh kg−1. These cells delivered pulse current loads (>22 mA) with good capacity (>200 mAh) if they were subjected to a pre-discharge step. A 17 V, 2.2 kW battery based on Li/CFx flat cell technology has also been fabricated and tested. The battery had gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 360 Wh kg−1 and 700 Wh dm−3, respectively. This compares with a value of 330 Wh kg−1 and 522 Wh dm−3 for an equivalent battery based on Li/SOCl2.