Porous hydroxyapatite ceramics by ice templating: Freezing characteristics and mechanical properties

Ice templating produces porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds with a lamellar morphology and aligned channels when using aqueous HA slurries. We investigated the freezing characteristics of HA slurries with regard to the pore structures of the porous HA scaffolds. We found that by increasing the cooling rate, the lamellar spacing decreased. The average lamellar spacing is about 785.7 μm at a cooling rate of 1.3 °C/min. The porous geometry changes from lamella and well aligned channels to a partial dendrite and partially aligned cavities with a decrease in the initial nucleation temperature and an increase in the degree of supercooling. Additionally, we determined the relationship between compressive strength and porosity. The compressive strength of the porous HA scaffolds reach 6.7 MPa at a porosity of 64% and the lamellar spacing is about 124 μm.