Review of titania nanotubes: Fabrication and cellular response

Titania (TiO2) nanotube is gaining prominence as an implantation material due to its unique properties such as high specific surface area and the ability to exhibit positive cellular response. In this paper, we briefly review the current state of fabrication methods to synthesize nanotubular TiO2 surface topography, and discuss its effect on cellular response of different cells in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. In vitro and in vivo studies by using TiO2 nanotubes are also presented establishing the potential of nanotubes in biomedical applications. Finally, an outlook of future growth of research in TiO2 nanostructures beyond the nanotubes is provided