Effect of IrO2 loading on RuO2–IrO2–TiO2 anodes: A study of microstructure and working life for the chlorine evolution reaction

RuO2–IrO2–TiO2/Ti anodes are widely used in chlor-alkali and chlorate industry. The working life is of particular importance for anodes. The relationship between the content of IrO2 and working life was investigated. The microstructure of the anode with 0.5 mg/cm2 IrO2 is much more homogeneous than those with lower IrO2 contents. Both the size of particles containing RuO2 and IrO2 and the content of rutile TiO2 phase in anodes decrease with increased IrO2 content. The working life of anode with 0.5 mg/cm2 IrO2 is almost double that of the anode with 0.3 mg/cm2 IrO2.