The mechanism of oxide film formation on Alloy 690 in oxygenated high temperature water

Oxide films formed on Alloy 690 exposed to 290 °C water containing 3 ppm O2 were investigated. It was found that Cr rich oxides form initially through solid-state reactions. Ni–Fe spinels gradually develop on surface layer by precipitation with increasing immersion time. Initially formed Cr rich oxides react with outwards diffusing Ni and Fe to form small spinel particles which then vanish gradually. An inner layer develops from oxide/matrix interface through inward diffusion of oxidant. Cr is preferentially oxidized and tends to dissolve into solution. The resultant inner layer consists of predominant NiO which cannot serve as a protective barrier layer.

► The oxide film is initially Cr enriched, but loses Cr as immersion time increases.
► The oxide film mainly consists of outer Ni–Fe spinel particles and inner NiO layer.
► The inner NiO layer forms as Cr dissolves and is not a protective barrier layer.