Preparation and characterization of nanostructured MWCNT-TiO2 composite materials for photocatalytic water treatment applications

Nanoscale composite materials containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and titania were prepared by using a modified sol–gel method. The composites were comprehensively characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The analysis revealed the presence of titania crystallites of about 7.5 nm aggregated together with MWCNT in particles of 15–20 nm of diameter. The photoactivity of the prepared materials, under UV or visible irradiation, was tested using the conversion of phenol from model aqueous solutions as probe reaction. A synergy effect on the photocatalytic activities observed for the composite catalysts was discussed in terms of a strong interphase interaction between carbon and TiO2 phases by comparing the different roles of MWCNT in the composite materials.