In-situ observations of lithiation/de-lithiation induced graphite damage during electrochemical cycling

Damage that occurs on graphite electrode surfaces during electrochemical cycling, simulating lithium-ion battery conditions, was observed in-situ using a digital microscope. Microscopical evidence revealed particle removal during the de-lithiation stage that continued until the potential difference, exerted on graphite, reduced beyond a critical value. The rate of graphite particle loss increased at a lower voltage scan rate. Experiments, initiating from the peak voltage, promoted formation of a surface film on graphite which reduced graphite degradation during the course of lithiation.