The effect of manganese additions on the reactive evaporation of chromium in Ni–Cr alloys

Chromium oxide undergoes reactive evaporation at high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and/or water vapor. The deposition of gaseous chromium species onto solid oxide fuel cell electrodes can reduce the efficiency of the fuel cell. Manganese additions can lead to the formation of manganese–chromium spinels, which can reduce chromium evaporation by as much as a factor of 35 at 800 °C and 55 at 700 °C.