A grain boundary characterization study of boron segregation and carbide precipitation in alloy 304 austenitic stainless steel

Higher frequencies of low Σ boundaries, satisfying the Palumbo–Aust criterion, resulted in greater resistance to boron segregation and carbide formation at grain boundaries in alloy 304. Also, boron desegregated from grain boundaries and became incorporated into isolated grain boundary carbides, thereby providing a discontinuous path for impurity segregation.